odescalchiwasastrongpapalcandidateafterthedeathofpopeclementix(1667¨c69)in1669,butthefrenchgovernmentrejectedhim(makinguseofthenow－abolishedveto).afterpopeclementx(1670¨c76)died,louisxivoffrance(1643¨c1715)againintendedtousehisroyalinfluenceagainstodescalchi‘‘ion.instead,believingthecardinalsaswelstheromanpeoplewereofonemindintheirdesiretohaveodescalchiastheirpope,louisreluctantlyinstructedthefrenchpartycardinalstoacquiesceinhiscandidacy.onseptember21,1676,odescalchiwaschosenclementx‘ssuccessorandtookthenameofinnocentxi.
[edit]reformingthevaticanadministration
immediatelyuponhisaccession,innocentxiturnedallhiseffortstowardsreducingtheexpensesofthecuria.hepassedstrictordinancesagainstnepotismamongthecardinals.helivedveryparsimoniouslyandexhortedthecardinalstodothesame.inthismannerhenotonlysquaredtheannualdeficitwhichathisaccessionhadreachedthesumof170,000scudi,butwithinafewyearsthepapalinewaseveninexcessoftheexpenditures.helostnotimeindecringandpracticallymanifestinghiszeasareformerofmannersandacorrectorofadministrativeabuses.beginningwiththeclergy,hesoughttoraisetheityalsotoahighermoralstandardofliving.in1679hepubliclycondemnedsixty－fivepropositions,takenchieflyfromthewritingsofescobar,suarezandothercasuists(mostlyjesuitcasuists,whohadbeenheavilyattackedbypascalinhisprovincialletters)aspropositionesxorummoralistarumandforbadeanyonetoteachthemunderpenaltyofexmunication.[1]hecondemnedinparticurthemostradicalformofmentalreservation(strictementalis)whichauthorizeddeceptionwithoutanoutrightlie.
personallynotunfriendlytomigueldemolinos,innocentxineverthelessyieldedtotheenormouspressurebroughttobearuponhimtoconfirmin1687thejudgementoftheinquisitorsbywhichsixty－eightquietistpropositionsofmolinoswerecondemnedasbsphemousandheretical.
[edit]encyclicals
sollicitudopastoralis(fosteringandpreservingtheordersofmenreligious)
coelestispastor(condemningtheerrorsofmolinos)
[edit]foreignretions
innocentxidispatchedferdinandod‘addaasnunciotothekingdomofengnd,thefirstrepresentativeofthechurchtogotothatndinmorethanonehundredyears.evenso,thepopedidnotapprovetheimprudentmannerinwhichjamesiiattemptedtorestorecatholicisminengnd.healsorepeatedlyexpressedhisdispleasureatthesupportwhichjamesiigavetotheautocratickinglouisxivinhismeasureshostiletothechurch.itis,therefore,notsurprisingthatinnocentxihadlittlesympathyforthecatholickingofengnd,andthathedidnotassisthiminhishouroftrial.thereare,however,nogroundsfortheaccusationthatinnocentxiwasinformedofthedesignswhichwilliamiiiofengnd(1689¨c1702)haduponengnd,muchlessthathesupportedhimintheoverthrowofjamesii.[2]
itwasduetoinnocentxi‘searnestandincessantexhortationsthatthegermanestatesandkingjohniiiofpond(1674¨c96)in1683hastenedtothereliefofviennawhichwasbeingbesiegedbytheturks.afterthesiegewasraised,innocentxiagainsparednoeffortstoinducethechristianprincestolendahelpinghandfortheexpulsionoftheturksfromhungary.hecontributedmillionsofscuditotheturkishwarfundinaustriaandhungaryandhadthesatisfactionofsurvivingthecaptureofbelgrade,september6,1688.[2]
[edit]retionswithfrance
thewholepontificateofinnocentxiismarkedbyacontinuousstrugglewiththeabsolutismoflouisxiv.asearlyas1673,thekinghadbyhisownpowerextendedtherightofther¨galeovertheprovincesofnguedoc,guyenne,provence,anddauphin¨,whereithadpreviouslynotbeenexercised.alltheeffortsofinnocentxitoinducelouisxivtorespecttherightsofthechurchwereuseless.in1682,thekingconvokedanassemblyofthefrenchclergywhichadoptedthefourfamousarticles,whichbecameknownasthegallicanliberties.innocentxiannulledthefourarticlesonapril11,1682,andrefusedhisapprobationtoallfutureepiscopalcandidateswhohadtakenpartintheassembly.[1]
toappeasethepope,louisxivbegantoactasazealotofcatholicisntxiexpressedhisdispleasureatthesedrasticmeasuresandcontinuedtowithholdhisapprobationfromtheepiscopalcandidates.heirritatedthekingstillmorethatsameyearbyabolishingthemuchabusedrightofasylum,bywhichtheforeignambassadorsatromehadbeenabletoharborintheirembassiesanycriminalwhowaswantedbythepapalcourtofjustice.innocentxinotifiedthenewfrenchambassador,marquisdevardin,thathewouldnotberecognizedasambassadorinromeunlessherenouncedthisright,butlouisxivwouldnotgiveitup.attheheadofanarmedforceofabout800menvardinenteredromeinnovember1687,andtookforciblepossessionofhispace.innocentxitreatedhimasexmunicatedandpcedunderinterdictthechurchofst.louisatromewhereheattendedservicesondecember24,1687.[2]
[edit]colognecontroversy
thetensionbetweenthepopeandthekingoffrancewasstillincreasedbytheinnocentxi‘sprocedureinfillingthevacantarchiepiscopalseeofcologne.thetwocandidatesfortheseewerecardinalwilliamegonoff¨¹rstenberg,thenbishopofstrasbourg,andjosephclement,abrotherofmaxemanuel,electorofbavaria.theformerwasawillingtoolinthehandsoflouisxiv,andhisappointmentasarchbishopandprince－electorofcolognewouldhaveimpliedfrenchpreponderanceinnorth－westerngermany.josephclementwasnotonlythecandidateofemperorleopoldiofaustria(1658¨c1705)butofalleuropeanrulers,withtheexceptionofthekingoffranceandhissupporter,kingjamesiiofengnd(1685¨c88).attheelection,whichtookpceonjuly19,1688,neitherofthecandidatesreceivedtherequirednumberofvotes.thedecision,therefore,felltoinnocentxi,whodesignatedjosephclementasarchbishopandelectorofcologne.louisxivretaliatedbytakingpossessionofthepapalterritoryofavignon,imprisoningthepapalnuncioandappealingtoageneralcouncil.nordidheconcealhisintentiontoseparatethefrenchchurchentirelyfromrome.thepoperemainedfirm.thesubsequentfallofjamesiiinengnddestroyedfrenchpreponderanceineuropeandsoonafterinnocentxi‘sdeath(1689)thestrugglebetweenlouisxivandthepapacywassettledinfavourofthechurch.[1]
[edit]deathandbeatification
monumenttopopeinnocentxi,st.peter‘sbasilica.innocentxidiedafteralongperiodofillhealthonaugust12,1689.
thecaseforhiscanonizationwasintroducedin1714buttheinfluenceoffranceforcedittobesuspendedin1744.inthe20thcenturyitwasreintroduced,andpopepiusxii(1939¨c58)announcedhisbeatificationonoctober7,1956.
thefeastdayofpopeinnocentxiisaugust12.
[edit]thefirstincorruptbodyofapope?
innocentxi,whenexhumedfromhistombforbeatification,wasreportedlysurprisinglywellpreserved.[citationneeded]todayhisbodylieswiththebodiesofpopestpiusx(1903¨c14)andblpopejohnxxiii(1958¨c63)atthevatican.thefaceandhandsarelinedwithsilvercoating.hismonument(1697－1704)insaintpeter‘swasdesignedandsculptedbypietrostefanomonnot.
[edit]writingsaboutpopeinnocentxi
ritamonaldiandfrancescosorti,intheirnovelimprimatur(2002),castadifferentandmorecontroversiallightonthatpope,buildingacaseagainsthiscanonization.theydepictaselfishpolitician,betrayingtheromancatholicchurch‘sinterestsinthehopeofrecoveringapersonaldebt.althoughthebookdoesnotpretendtobeofschorlyvalue,anappendixofvariousnotesanddocumentsspanningaboutfortypagesattheendofthetextallowsacriticalreviewoftheauthors‘researches.
[edit]notes
^abcdkelly,287
^abckelly,288
[edit]references
kelly,j.n.d.,theoxfordhistoryofthepopes,oxforduniversitypress,1986.isbn0192820850.
thisarticleincorporatestextfromthepublic－domaincatholicencyclopediaof1913.
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